``` ├── .github/ ├── workflows/ ├── rust.yml ├── .gitignore ├── LICENSE ├── README.md ├── box/ ├── .gitignore ├── Cargo.lock ├── Cargo.toml ├── README.md ├── src/ ├── builder/ ├── builder.rs ├── packer.rs ├── host/ ├── server/ ├── box_host.c ├── box_host.rs ├── web/ ├── box_host.html ├── host_functions.js ├── main.rs ├── tests/ ├── tests.rs ├── boxer.dev/ ├── .gitignore ├── img/ ├── boxer-bg-dark-mobile.png ├── boxer-bg-dark.png ├── boxer-bg-light-mobile.png ├── boxer-bg-light.png ├── boxer.png ├── github-dark.png ├── github-light.png ├── index.html ├── main.js ├── python-example.html ├── python.html ├── style.css ├── examples/ ├── c/ ├── async_server.c ├── c.md ├── sync_server.c ├── threaded_server.c ├── python/ ├── python.md ├── ruby/ ├── ruby.md ``` ## /.github/workflows/rust.yml ```yml path="/.github/workflows/rust.yml" # pending builds for different archs ``` ## /.gitignore ```gitignore path="/.gitignore" prompts.txt ``` ## /LICENSE ``` path="/LICENSE" GNU AFFERO GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 3, 19 November 2007 Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 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There are many ways you could offer source, and different solutions will be better for different programs; see section 13 for the specific requirements. You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU AGPL, see . ``` ## /README.md # Boxer

Mia St John

**This project is under rapid development** # Boxer ## Overview Boxer is an open-source project designed to reimagine cloud computing by transitioning from traditional container technology to WebAssembly (Wasm) based distributions, known as "Boxes" or "Wasm-Boxes". ## Motivation While containers have been a cornerstone of cloud computing, providing isolated environments for applications, they come with significant drawbacks. They often result in larger, less efficient deployments with slower startup times and rely heavily on the underlying operating system/kernel for security, which can introduce vulnerabilities and platform lock-in. ## Solution: Boxer Boxer offers a new solution by providing tooling for converting existing containerized workloads and definitions into near-universally deployable Wasm distributions. These "Boxes" offer environments comparable to those provided by containers but are vastly more efficient thanks to the lightweight, sandboxed execution capabilities of WebAssembly.

Container and Box

### Key Advantages of WebAssembly: - **Reduced Overhead:** Wasm's compact binary instruction format ensures lightweight execution, drastically cutting down the overhead seen in traditional containers. - **Enhanced Performance:** The efficiency of Wasm leads to improved performance and smaller, more efficient deployments, perfectly suited for cloud computing. - **Superior Security:** Wasm's memory-safe, isolated execution environment provides a higher level of security, independent of the operating system. - **Run (almost) Everywhere** Wasm can run a anywhere there is a WebAssembly runtime, including browsers, servers, and embedded devices; existing runtimes are available on for a [wide variety of architectures.](https://github.com/appcypher/awesome-wasm-runtimes) ## Example ### Dockerfile ➡ (Wasm)Box For for this file: ```Dockerfile FROM scratch RUN mkdir -p /app COPY a.out /app WORKDIR /app CMD ["/app/a.out"] ``` run `box build -f Dockerfile` This will bring in libc interaces (as imports) and create the necessary FS state, thus declaritivey creating a ready-to-run Wasm binary. ## /box/.gitignore ```gitignore path="/box/.gitignore" target/* ``` ## /box/Cargo.lock ```lock path="/box/Cargo.lock" # This file is automatically @generated by Cargo. # It is not intended for manual editing. version = 3 [[package]] name = "addr2line" version = "0.21.0" source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index" checksum = "8a30b2e23b9e17a9f90641c7ab1549cd9b44f296d3ccbf309d2863cfe398a0cb" dependencies = [ "gimli", ] [[package]] name = "adler" version = "1.0.2" source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index" checksum = "f26201604c87b1e01bd3d98f8d5d9a8fcbb815e8cedb41ffccbeb4bf593a35fe" [[package]] name = "ahash" version = "0.8.7" source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index" checksum = "77c3a9648d43b9cd48db467b3f87fdd6e146bcc88ab0180006cef2179fe11d01" dependencies = [ "cfg-if", "once_cell", "version_check", "zerocopy", ] [[package]] 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"registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index" checksum = "e366f27a5cabcddb2706a78296a40b8fcc451e1a6aba2fc1d94b4a01bdaaef4b" dependencies = [ "anyhow", "log", "thiserror", "wast 35.0.2", ] [[package]] name = "wizer" version = "4.0.0" source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index" checksum = "31f1f0143257faa028962616998d9bcf456f2b92b41d923fb630d0c62250f1fc" dependencies = [ "anyhow", "cap-std", "log", "rayon", "wasi-cap-std-sync", "wasm-encoder 0.30.0", "wasmparser 0.106.0", "wasmtime 16.0.0", "wasmtime-wasi", ] [[package]] name = "zerocopy" version = "0.7.32" source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index" checksum = "74d4d3961e53fa4c9a25a8637fc2bfaf2595b3d3ae34875568a5cf64787716be" dependencies = [ "zerocopy-derive", ] [[package]] name = "zerocopy-derive" version = "0.7.32" source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index" checksum = "9ce1b18ccd8e73a9321186f97e46f9f04b778851177567b1975109d26a08d2a6" dependencies = [ "proc-macro2", "quote", "syn 2.0.48", ] [[package]] name = "zstd" version = "0.11.2+zstd.1.5.2" source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index" checksum = "20cc960326ece64f010d2d2107537f26dc589a6573a316bd5b1dba685fa5fde4" dependencies = [ "zstd-safe", ] [[package]] name = "zstd-safe" version = "5.0.2+zstd.1.5.2" source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index" checksum = "1d2a5585e04f9eea4b2a3d1eca508c4dee9592a89ef6f450c11719da0726f4db" dependencies = [ "libc", "zstd-sys", ] [[package]] name = "zstd-sys" version = "2.0.9+zstd.1.5.5" source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index" checksum = "9e16efa8a874a0481a574084d34cc26fdb3b99627480f785888deb6386506656" dependencies = [ "cc", "pkg-config", ] ``` ## /box/Cargo.toml ```toml path="/box/Cargo.toml" [package] name = "box" version = "0.1.0" edition = "2021" # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html [dependencies] anyhow = "1.0.40" #marcotte = "0.0.1" marcotte = { path = "../../marcotte-wasm" } dockerfile-parser = "0.8.0" wasm-encoder = "0.38.1" wasmparser = "0.106.0" wizer = "4.0.0" wasmtime = "17.0.0" wasmtime-wasi = "16.0.0" # pinned at 16 bc of trans dep on wasi-common for wizer structopt = "0.3.26" clap = "2.33" walkdir = "2.3" ``` ## /box/README.md # Recognized Dockerfile Directives 1. **FROM** - Initializes a new build stage and sets the base layer. - See [Marcotte](https://github.com/dphilla/marcotte) for more info 2. **RUN** - Executes commands in a new layer on top of the current layer and commits the results. - Forms: - Shell form: `RUN ` - Exec form: `RUN ["executable", "param1", "param2"]` 3. **CMD** - Provides defaults for an executing box. Only one CMD instruction in a Dockerfile. - Forms: - Shell form: `CMD ` - Exec form: `CMD ["executable", "param1", "param2"]` 4. **LABEL** - Adds metadata to a layer as key-value pairs. - Syntax: `LABEL = ...` 5. **EXPOSE** - Informs Boxer that the box listens on specified network ports at runtime. - Syntax: `EXPOSE [/...]` - for default (os) builds only, future: component-based/modularized emulation 6. **ENV** - Sets environment variables. - Syntax: `ENV = ...` 7. **ADD** - Copies new files, directories, or remote file URLs and adds them to the layer's filesystem. - Syntax: `ADD ... ` 8. **COPY** - Copies new files or directories and adds them to the filesystem of the box. - Syntax: `COPY ... ` - Flags: - `--chown=:`: Set the user and group ownership of the copied files. 9. **ENTRYPOINT** - Configures a box that will run as an executable. - Forms: - Shell form: `ENTRYPOINT ` - Exec form: `ENTRYPOINT ["executable", "param1", "param2"]` 10. **VOLUME** - Creates a mount point with the specified name. - Syntax: `VOLUME [""]` 11. **USER** - Sets the username or UID for running the layer and following `RUN`, `CMD`, and `ENTRYPOINT` instructions. - Syntax: `USER [:]` 12. **WORKDIR** - Sets the working directory for `RUN`, `CMD`, `ENTRYPOINT`, `COPY`, and `ADD` instructions. - Syntax: `WORKDIR ` 13. **ARG** - Defines a variable that users can pass at build-time to the builder. - Syntax: `ARG [=]` 14. **ONBUILD** - Adds a trigger instruction to be executed when the layer is used as the base for another build. - Syntax: `ONBUILD ` 15. **STOPSIGNAL** - Sets the system call signal that will be sent to the box to exit. - Syntax: `STOPSIGNAL ` 16. **HEALTHCHECK** - Tells Boxer how to test a box to check that it is still working. - Syntax: `HEALTHCHECK [OPTIONS] CMD ` - Options: - `--interval=`: Time between running the check. - `--timeout=`: Time to wait before considering the check to have hung. - `--start-period=`: Time to wait before starting checks. - `--retries=`: Consecutive failures needed to consider a box as unhealthy. 17. **SHELL** - Allows the default shell used for the shell form of commands to be overridden. - Syntax: `SHELL ["executable", "parameters"]` ## /box/src/builder/builder.rs ```rs path="/box/src/builder/builder.rs" use std::fs; use std::io::{self, Read}; use std::path::PathBuf; use std::collections::HashMap; use wasmtime::{Engine, Module, Store, Linker, Memory}; /// This must match the struct on the Wasm side in `system.rs`: /// \`\`\` /// #[repr(C)] /// pub struct FileDef { /// pub dest_path: *const i8, /// pub data_ptr: *const u8, /// pub data_len: u32, /// } /// \`\`\` #[repr(C)] pub struct FileDef { pub path_off: u32, pub data_off: u32, pub data_len: u32, } pub struct Builder { pub base_build: Vec, pub working_directory: PathBuf, pub copied_files: Vec<(String, Vec)>, // (dest_path, file_data) } impl Builder { pub fn new() -> Self { Self { base_build: Vec::new(), working_directory: PathBuf::from("/"), copied_files: Vec::new(), } } pub fn config_base(&mut self, base: &str) { match base { "scratch" => { println!("Scratch Build Started..."); match fs::read("output_wizered.wasm") { Ok(bytes) => { self.base_build = bytes; } Err(e) => { println!("No 'output_wizered.wasm' found, or error reading file: {:?}", e); println!("Falling back to empty scratch environment..."); self.base_build = Vec::new(); } } }, _ => { println!("Base '{}' not recognized. Doing nothing.", base); } } } pub fn bundle_fs_from_buffer(&mut self, buffer: HashMap>) { println!("Bundling files into the Wasm virtual filesystem..."); for (path, content) in buffer { println!("COPY -> path: {}", path); self.copied_files.push((path, content)); } } /// The final ephemeral run that: /// - calls `wasm_vfs_mount_in_memory` /// - Assigns stuff to Proc from like ENV, etc /// - Snapshots module /// pub fn build(&mut self, _wasm_only: bool) { if self.base_build.is_empty() { println!("No base .wasm to finalize. Possibly scratch environment is empty."); return; } if self.copied_files.is_empty() { println!("No files to copy; skipping mount_in_memory step."); return; } // 1) Create an Engine & compile the Wasm let engine = Engine::default(); let module = match Module::new(&engine, &self.base_build) { Ok(m) => m, Err(e) => { eprintln!("Error compiling base_build: {:?}", e); return; } }; // 2) Create a Linker & Store. If your module needs imports, define them here: let mut linker = Linker::new(&engine); let mut store = Store::new(&engine, ()); // 3) Instantiate let instance = match linker.instantiate(&mut store, &module) { Ok(i) => i, Err(e) => { eprintln!("Error instantiating module: {:?}", e); return; } }; // 4) Get the exported memory let memory = match instance.get_memory(&mut store, "memory") { Some(mem) => mem, None => { eprintln!("No exported memory named 'memory'."); return; } }; // 5) We'll place each file in guest memory + build an array of FileDef let size_of_fd = std::mem::size_of::(); if size_of_fd != 12 { eprintln!("Warning: FileDef is not 12 bytes? Adjust if needed."); } let count = self.copied_files.len(); let total_filedef_bytes = count * size_of_fd; // We'll pick an offset for these arrays let mut guest_cursor = 0x10000; // e.g. 64k let filedef_array_base = guest_cursor; guest_cursor += total_filedef_bytes; // Helper for copying data into memory let mut copy_to_guest = |host_data: &[u8], offset: usize| { if let Err(e) = memory.write(&mut store, offset, host_data) { eprintln!("Failed to write to guest memory: {:?}", e); } }; // Build the host side buffer that holds all FileDef structs let mut filedef_structs = vec![0u8; total_filedef_bytes]; let mut idx = 0; for (dest_path, data) in &self.copied_files { // convert path to null-terminated let mut path_bytes = dest_path.as_bytes().to_vec(); path_bytes.push(0); // copy path into guest memory let path_offset = guest_cursor; copy_to_guest(&path_bytes, path_offset); guest_cursor += path_bytes.len(); // copy data let data_offset = guest_cursor; copy_to_guest(data, data_offset); guest_cursor += data.len(); // fill in fields for FileDef // offset into filedef_structs: let base = idx * size_of_fd; idx += 1; // path_off filedef_structs[base..base+4].copy_from_slice(&(path_offset as u32).to_le_bytes()); // data_off filedef_structs[base+4..base+8].copy_from_slice(&(data_offset as u32).to_le_bytes()); // data_len filedef_structs[base+8..base+12].copy_from_slice(&(data.len() as u32).to_le_bytes()); } // copy FileDef array to guest copy_to_guest(&filedef_structs, filedef_array_base); // 6) call wasm_vfs_mount_in_memory(count, array_ptr) let mount_func = match instance.get_func(&mut store, "wasm_vfs_mount_in_memory") { Some(f) => f, None => { eprintln!("No export named wasm_vfs_mount_in_memory"); return; } }; let typed_mount = match mount_func.typed::<(u32, u32), i32>(&store) { Ok(tf) => tf, Err(e) => { eprintln!("Signature mismatch for wasm_vfs_mount_in_memory: {:?}", e); return; } }; let count_u32 = self.copied_files.len() as u32; let ptr = filedef_array_base as u32; match typed_mount.call(&mut store, (count_u32, ptr)) { Ok(retval) => { println!("wasm_vfs_mount_in_memory returned: {}", retval); } Err(e) => { eprintln!("Error calling mount_in_memory: {:?}", e); } } println!("Ephemeral run done; the in-memory FS has your copied files."); } } ``` ## /box/src/builder/packer.rs ```rs path="/box/src/builder/packer.rs" use anyhow::Result; use std::path::PathBuf; pub fn pack(wasm_bytes: &[u8], _map_dirs: Vec<(PathBuf, PathBuf)>) -> Result> { // Check if `_initialize` is present as an exported function let has_initialize = is_wasi_reactor(wasm_bytes); // If `_initialize` is present, copy it as `_start`. let output_bytes = if has_initialize { copy_export_entry(wasm_bytes, "_initialize", "_start")? } else { wasm_bytes.to_vec() }; Ok(output_bytes) } fn is_wasi_reactor(bytes: &[u8]) -> bool { let parser = wasmparser::Parser::new(0); for payload in parser.parse_all(bytes) { let payload = match payload { Ok(payload) => payload, Err(_) => continue, }; match payload { wasmparser::Payload::ExportSection(export) => { for entry in export { let entry = match entry { Ok(entry) => entry, Err(_) => continue, }; if entry.name == "_initialize" { return true; } } return false; } wasmparser::Payload::End(_) => return false, _ => continue, } } false } fn copy_export_entry(bytes: &[u8], source: &str, dest: &str) -> Result> { let mut module = wasm_encoder::Module::new(); let parser = wasmparser::Parser::new(0); for payload in parser.parse_all(bytes) { let payload = payload?; match payload { wasmparser::Payload::Version { .. } => { // wasm_encoder::Module will handle this automatically continue; } wasmparser::Payload::ExportSection(export) => { let mut section = wasm_encoder::ExportSection::new(); for entry in export { let entry = entry?; section.export(entry.name, translate::export_kind(entry.kind), entry.index); if entry.name == source { // Duplicate the source export under the new name section.export(dest, translate::export_kind(entry.kind), entry.index); } } module.section(§ion); } wasmparser::Payload::End(_) => { // End of module - handled automatically by wasm_encoder continue; } _ => { // For all other sections, just copy them through if let Some((id, range)) = payload.as_section() { let raw = wasm_encoder::RawSection { id, data: &bytes[range.start..range.end], }; module.section(&raw); } } } } Ok(module.finish()) } mod translate { pub(crate) fn export_kind(x: wasmparser::ExternalKind) -> wasm_encoder::ExportKind { match x { wasmparser::ExternalKind::Func => wasm_encoder::ExportKind::Func, wasmparser::ExternalKind::Table => wasm_encoder::ExportKind::Table, wasmparser::ExternalKind::Memory => wasm_encoder::ExportKind::Memory, wasmparser::ExternalKind::Global => wasm_encoder::ExportKind::Global, wasmparser::ExternalKind::Tag => wasm_encoder::ExportKind::Tag, } } } ``` ## /box/src/host/server/box_host.c ```c path="/box/src/host/server/box_host.c" /*TODO - for WAMR*/ ``` ## /box/src/host/server/box_host.rs ```rs path="/box/src/host/server/box_host.rs" //TODO - for wasmtime ``` ## /box/src/host/web/box_host.html ```html path="/box/src/host/web/box_host.html" Marcotte in a Worker with Blocking Syscalls
``` ## /box/src/host/web/host_functions.js ```js path="/box/src/host/web/host_functions.js" let wasmInstance = null; let memoryBuffer = null; let stdoutBuffer = ""; let websocket = null; let nextRequestId = 1; const pendingRequests = new Map(); // Listen for messages from main thread onmessage = async (evt) => { const { cmd, payload } = evt.data; switch (cmd) { case 'initWasm': await initWasm(payload.wasmUrl); postMessage({ cmd: 'wasmReady' }); break; case 'callMain': if (!wasmInstance) return; const ret = wasmInstance.exports._start ? wasmInstance.exports._start() : 0; postMessage({ cmd: 'callMainDone', returnValue: ret }); break; default: console.log("[Worker] Unknown cmd:", cmd); break; } }; function initWebSocket() { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { websocket = new WebSocket('ws://127.0.0.1:9000'); websocket.binaryType = 'arraybuffer'; websocket.onopen = () => { console.log('[Worker] WebSocket connected'); resolve(); }; websocket.onerror = (err) => { console.error('[Worker] WebSocket error:', err); reject(new Error('WebSocket connection error')); }; websocket.onmessage = (evt) => { // We assume each message is: [4 bytes requestId][... arbitrary data ...] const fullData = new Uint8Array(evt.data); if (fullData.length < 4) { console.warn('Received message too short'); return; } const view = new DataView(fullData.buffer); const reqId = view.getInt32(0, true); // little-endian const payload = fullData.subarray(4); const reqInfo = pendingRequests.get(reqId); if (!reqInfo) { console.warn('Received response for unknown request id', reqId); return; } // Store the payload in reqInfo, then do an Atomics.notify reqInfo.responseData = payload; Atomics.store(reqInfo.sab, 0, 1); Atomics.notify(reqInfo.sab, 0, 1); }; websocket.onclose = () => { console.log('[Worker] WebSocket closed'); }; }); } async function initWasm(wasmurl) { // create websocket (only if /net is needed) await initwebsocket(); const response = await fetch(wasmurl); const bytes = await response.arraybuffer(); const memory = new webassembly.memory({ initial: 256, maximum: 256 }); memorybuffer = memory.buffer; function box_host_write_stdout_line(ptr, len) { const bytes = new Uint8Array(memoryBuffer, ptr, len); const line = new TextDecoder('utf-8').decode(bytes); postMessage({ cmd: 'hostWriteStdout', text: line }); } function blockyr(reqptr, reqlen, outptr) { const requ8 = new uint8array(memorybuffer, reqptr, reqlen); const reqid = nextrequestid++; // build [reqid + request data] const header = new uint8array(4); new dataview(header.buffer).setint32(0, reqid, true); const tosend = new uint8array(4 + reqlen); tosend.set(header, 0); tosend.set(requ8, 4); const sab = new int32array(new sharedarraybuffer(4)); sab[0] = 0; // 0 => not ready pendingrequests.set(reqid, { sab, responsedata: null }); websocket.send(tosend); // "block" via atomics until the server replies while (atomics.load(sab, 0) === 0) { atomics.wait(sab, 0, 0); } const { responsedata } = pendingrequests.get(reqid); pendingrequests.delete(reqid); if (!responsedata) { new dataview(memorybuffer).setint32(outptr, 0, true); return 0; } // we have responsedata; allocate space in wasm memory const resplen = responsedata.length; const malloc = wasminstance.exports.malloc; // assumed exported by your minimal libc const respptr = malloc(resplen); const respmem = new uint8array(memorybuffer, respptr, resplen); respmem.set(responsedata); new dataview(memorybuffer).setint32(outptr, resplen, true); return respptr; } const env = { memory, box_host_write_stdout_line, r: blockyr }; const { instance } = await webassembly.instantiate(bytes, { env }); wasminstance = instance; console.log('[worker] wasm loaded & instance created.'); } ``` ## /box/src/main.rs ```rs path="/box/src/main.rs" use std::env; use std::fs::File; use std::io::{self, BufRead}; use std::path::Path; use std::collections::HashMap; use std::io::ErrorKind; use std::process::Command; use dockerfile_parser::*; use structopt::StructOpt; mod builder { pub mod builder; pub mod packer; } use builder::builder::*; #[derive(StructOpt)] #[structopt(name = "boxer", about = "A CLI for building, running, managing (Wasm) boxes.\nMore info at https://boxer.dev")] enum BoxCli { #[structopt(name = "build")] /// Builds box from Dockerfile (-f) or OCI Image (-i) Build { #[structopt(short = "f", long = "file", parse(from_os_str))] /// Dockerfile path dockerfile_path: std::path::PathBuf, }, #[structopt(name = "run")] /// Runs a built box; if no name given, defaults to last built box Run { }, #[structopt(name = "compile")] /// Compiles user C code into a Marcotte-based Wasm artifact. Compile { /// One or more .c files you want to compile with Marcotte #[structopt(parse(from_os_str))] c_files: Vec, }, } fn main() { let opt = BoxCli::from_args(); let mut builder = Builder::new(); match opt { BoxCli::Build { dockerfile_path } => { let dockerfile_content = std::fs::read_to_string(dockerfile_path); let dockerfile = Dockerfile::parse(&dockerfile_content.unwrap()); for stage in dockerfile.expect("Error").iter_stages() { for ins in stage.instructions { match ins { Instruction::From(instr) => execute_from(&mut builder, instr.clone()), Instruction::Arg(instr) => execute_arg(instr.clone()), Instruction::Label(instr) => execute_label(instr.clone()), Instruction::Run(instr) => execute_run(instr.clone()), Instruction::Entrypoint(instr) => execute_entrypoint(instr.clone()), Instruction::Copy(instr) => execute_copy(&mut builder, instr.clone()), Instruction::Cmd(instr) => execute_cmd(instr.clone()), Instruction::Env(instr) => execute_env(instr.clone()), Instruction::Misc(instr) => execute_misc(&mut builder, instr.clone()), } } builder.build(true); } } BoxCli::Run { /* ... */ } => { }, BoxCli::Compile { c_files } => { let c_files_str: Vec = c_files .iter() .map(|p| p.to_string_lossy().to_string()) .collect(); if c_files_str.is_empty() { eprintln!("No .c files provided to compile!"); std::process::exit(1); } // 2) Call Marcotte to produce `output.wasm` (by default) if let Err(e) = marcotte::build(&c_files_str) { eprintln!("Marcotte build failed: {:?}", e); std::process::exit(1); } println!("Marcotte build succeeded; produced 'output.wasm'."); } } } fn execute_from(builder: &mut Builder, instr: FromInstruction) { builder.config_base(&instr.image.content); } fn execute_run(instr: RunInstruction) { unimplemented!( r#" handles RUN "# ) } fn execute_cmd(instr: CmdInstruction) { println!("Execution complete!"); } fn execute_label(instr: LabelInstruction) { unimplemented!( r#" handles LABEL "# ) } fn execute_env(instr: EnvInstruction) { unimplemented!( r#" handles ENV "# ) } fn execute_copy(builder: &mut Builder, instr: CopyInstruction) { use std::fs; use std::io::ErrorKind; use std::path::Path; use walkdir::WalkDir; use std::collections::HashMap; // In-memory structure to store files and their destinations let mut wasm_fs_buffer: HashMap> = HashMap::new(); for src in &instr.sources { let src_path = Path::new(src.as_ref()); let dest_path = Path::new(instr.destination.as_ref()); if !src_path.exists() { eprintln!("Error: Source path {} does not exist.", src_path.display()); continue; } if src_path.is_file() { match fs::read(src_path) { Ok(file_content) => { let dest_file_path = dest_path .join(src_path.file_name().unwrap()) .to_string_lossy() .to_string(); wasm_fs_buffer.insert(dest_file_path, file_content); } Err(e) => eprintln!("Error reading file {}: {}", src_path.display(), e), } } else if src_path.is_dir() { for entry in WalkDir::new(src_path) { match entry { Ok(entry) => { let path = entry.path(); if path.is_file() { match fs::read(path) { Ok(file_content) => { let relative_path = path.strip_prefix(src_path).unwrap(); let dest_file_path = dest_path .join(relative_path) .to_string_lossy() .to_string(); wasm_fs_buffer.insert(dest_file_path, file_content); } Err(e) => eprintln!("Error reading file {}: {}", path.display(), e), } } } Err(e) => eprintln!("Error traversing directory {}: {}", src_path.display(), e), } } } else { eprintln!("Error: Unsupported path type for {}.", src_path.display()); } } builder.bundle_fs_from_buffer(wasm_fs_buffer); } fn execute_entrypoint(instr: EntrypointInstruction) { unimplemented!( r#" handles ENTRYPOINT "# ) } fn execute_arg(instr: ArgInstruction) { unimplemented!( r#" handles ARG "# ) } fn execute_misc(builder: &mut Builder, instr: MiscInstruction) { //handles: `MAINTAINER`, `EXPOSE`, `VOLUME`, `Add` //`USER`, `WORKDIR`, `ONBUILD`, `STOPSIGNAL`, `HEALTHCHECK`, `SHELL` //println!("{:#?}", instr.arguments.components[0] - match on for content); } use wasmtime::*; use std::path::PathBuf; use anyhow::Result; fn execute_wasm_with_wasmtime(wasm_file: &str, script: &str) -> Result<()> { //let args = vec![PathBuf::from(ruby_script), PathBuf::from(ruby_script)]; //let args: Vec = args.iter().map(|arg| arg.to_string_lossy().into_owned()).collect(); //let wasi_ctx = wasmtime_wasi::WasiCtxBuilder::new().args(&args)?.build(); //let engine = Engine::default(); //let mut store = Store::new(&engine, wasi_ctx); //let module = Module::from_file(&engine, wasm_file)?; //let mut linker = Linker::new(&engine); //let instance = linker.instantiate(&mut store, &module)?; //let start = instance.get_typed_func::<(), ()>(&mut store, "_start")?; //start.call(&mut store, ())?; let command = "wasmtime"; let args = [wasm_file, "--", script]; let output = Command::new(command) .args(&args) .output()?; if output.status.success() { let stdout = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout); println!("Command output:\n{}", stdout); } else { let stderr = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr); eprintln!("Command failed:\n{}", stderr); if let Some(code) = output.status.code() { if code != 0 { return Err(io::Error::new(ErrorKind::Other, format!("Command exited with status code: {}", code)).into()); } } } Ok(()) } ``` ## /box/tests/tests.rs ```rs path="/box/tests/tests.rs" #[cfg(test)] mod integration_tests { use std::process::Command; use std::fs::File; use std::io::{Write, BufReader, BufRead}; use std::path::Path; // A utility function to create a temporary Dockerfile with given content and return its path fn create_temp_dockerfile(content: &str) -> String { let path = "temp_Dockerfile"; let mut file = File::create(path).expect("Failed to create temporary Dockerfile."); writeln!(file, "{}", content).expect("Failed to write to temporary Dockerfile."); path.to_string() } // Read the output of a file fn read_file_output(path: &str) -> String { let file = File::open(path).expect("Failed to open file."); let reader = BufReader::new(file); reader.lines().collect::, _>>().expect("Failed to read lines.").join("\n") } // Test parsing valid directives #[test] fn test_valid_directives() { let dockerfile_content = "FROM ubuntu\nRUN echo 'hello world'"; let dockerfile_path = create_temp_dockerfile(dockerfile_content); let output = Command::new("cargo") .arg("run") .arg("--") .arg(&dockerfile_path) .output() .expect("Failed to execute command."); let expected_output = "FROM: ()Initializes a new build stage and sets the base layer.\nRUN: Executes commands in a new layer on top of the current layer and commits the results."; assert_eq!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout), expected_output); } // Test parsing unrecognized directives #[test] fn test_unrecognized_directives() { let dockerfile_content = "UNKNOWN ubuntu"; let dockerfile_path = create_temp_dockerfile(dockerfile_content); let output = Command::new("cargo") .arg("run") .arg("--") .arg(&dockerfile_path) .output() .expect("Failed to execute command."); assert!(output.status.success() == false); assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr).contains("Directive UNKNOWN not recognized")); } // Test handling of comments and empty lines #[test] fn test_comments_and_empty_lines() { let dockerfile_content = "# This is a comment\n\nFROM ubuntu"; let dockerfile_path = create_temp_dockerfile(dockerfile_content); let output = Command::new("cargo") .arg("run") .arg("--") .arg(&dockerfile_path) .output() .expect("Failed to execute command."); assert_eq!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout), "FROM: ()Initializes a new build stage and sets the base layer."); } // Test behavior with no file path provided #[test] fn test_no_file_path() { let output = Command::new("cargo") .arg("run") .arg("--") .output() .expect("Failed to execute command."); assert!(output.status.success() == false); assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr).contains("Usage:")); } // Test behavior with a non-existent file path #[test] fn test_non_existent_file_path() { let output = Command::new("cargo") .arg("run") .arg("--") .arg("non_existent_file") .output() .expect("Failed to execute command."); assert!(output.status.success() == false); assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr).contains("No such file or directory")); } // Cleanup any created temporary files #[test] fn cleanup() { std::fs::remove_file("temp_Dockerfile").expect("Failed to remove temporary Dockerfile."); } } ``` ## /boxer.dev/.gitignore ```gitignore path="/boxer.dev/.gitignore" node_modules ``` ## /boxer.dev/img/boxer-bg-dark-mobile.png Binary file available at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dphilla/boxer/refs/heads/main/boxer.dev/img/boxer-bg-dark-mobile.png ## /boxer.dev/img/boxer-bg-dark.png Binary file available at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dphilla/boxer/refs/heads/main/boxer.dev/img/boxer-bg-dark.png ## /boxer.dev/img/boxer-bg-light-mobile.png Binary file available at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dphilla/boxer/refs/heads/main/boxer.dev/img/boxer-bg-light-mobile.png ## /boxer.dev/img/boxer-bg-light.png Binary file available at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dphilla/boxer/refs/heads/main/boxer.dev/img/boxer-bg-light.png ## /boxer.dev/img/boxer.png Binary file available at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dphilla/boxer/refs/heads/main/boxer.dev/img/boxer.png ## /boxer.dev/img/github-dark.png Binary file available at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dphilla/boxer/refs/heads/main/boxer.dev/img/github-dark.png ## /boxer.dev/img/github-light.png Binary file available at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dphilla/boxer/refs/heads/main/boxer.dev/img/github-light.png ## /boxer.dev/index.html ```html path="/boxer.dev/index.html" Boxer

Boxer

Mia St John

TL;DR:

DOCKERFILE -> Universal Wasm Binary

Smaller, Safer, Faster, (much more) Universal

Check out our Github!

or, get updates + early access to our release:




Overview

Boxer is an open-source project designed to reimagine cloud computing by transitioning from traditional container technology to WebAssembly (Wasm) based distributions, known as "Boxes" or "WasmBoxes".

Motivation

While containers have been a cornerstone of cloud computing, they come with significant drawbacks. They often result in larger, less efficient deployments with slower startup times and rely heavily on the underlying operating system/kernel for security, which can introduce vulnerabilities and platform lock-in.

Solution: Boxer

Boxer (A.K.A "Wasm-Boxer") offers a new solution by providing tooling for converting existing containerized workloads and definitions into near-universally deployable Wasm distributions. These "Boxes" offer environments comparable to those provided by containers but are vastly more efficient thanks to the lightweight, sandboxed execution capabilities of WebAssembly.

Container and Box

Key Advantages of WebAssembly:

  • Reduced Overhead: Wasm's compact binary instruction format ensures lightweight execution, drastically cutting down the overhead seen in traditional containers.
  • Enhanced Performance: The efficiency of Wasm leads to improved performance and smaller, more efficient deployments, perfectly suited for cloud computing.
  • Superior Security: Wasm's memory-safe, isolated execution environment provides a higher level of security, independent of the operating system.
  • Run (almost) Everywhere Wasm can run anywhere there is a WebAssembly runtime, including browsers, servers, and embedded devices; existing runtimes are available for a wide variety of architectures.




``` ## /boxer.dev/main.js ```js path="/boxer.dev/main.js" document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const modePreference = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark"); if (modePreference.matches) { document.getElementById('view-mode').checked = true; viewMode(); } }); document.getElementById('fetchFiles').onclick = async function () { const repoUrl = document.getElementById('repoUrl').value; gitHubFiles(repoUrl); }; document.getElementById('repoUrl').addEventListener('keydown', async function (e) { if (e.key === 'Enter') { const repoUrl = document.getElementById('repoUrl').value; gitHubFiles(repoUrl); } }); document.getElementById('view-mode').addEventListener("click", () => { viewMode(); }); let terminal; document.getElementById('deployButton').onclick = function () { document.getElementById('dashboard').style.display = "none"; terminal = new Terminal(); terminal.open(document.getElementById('terminal')); }; document.getElementById('returnButton').onclick = function () { document.getElementById('dashboard').style.display = "block"; terminal.dispose(); }; const gitHubFiles = async (repoUrl) => { const fileListElement = document.getElementById('fileList'); fileListElement.innerHTML = ''; const match = repoUrl.match(/github\.com\/([^\/]+)\/([^\/]+)/); console.log(match); if (!match) { alert('Invalid GitHub URL'); return; } const [_, owner, repo] = match; const apiUrl = `https://api.github.com/repos/${owner}/${repo}/contents`; try { const response = await fetch(apiUrl); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error(`Error fetching repository contents: ${response.statusText}`); } const files = await response.json(); files.forEach(file => { const listItem = document.createElement('li'); const link = document.createElement('a'); link.href = `https://github.com/${owner}/${repo}/blob/main/${file.path}`; // need to change the link to also get the branch name (if main doesnt exist it will send to a 404 not found) link.target = '_blank'; // Open link in a new tab link.textContent = file.path; listItem.appendChild(link); fileListElement.appendChild(listItem); }); } catch (error) { alert('Failed to fetch repository contents: ' + error.message); } }; const dockerfileLang = (language) => { switch (true) { case (language === 'python'): document.getElementById('dockerText').value = "# From Dockers official Python image: https://hub.docker.com/_/python\n\nFROM python:3\n\nWORKDIR /usr/src/app\n\nCOPY requirements.txt ./\nRUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt\n\nCOPY . .\n\nCMD [ 'python', './your-daemon-or-script.py' ]\n"; break; case (language === 'ruby'): document.getElementById('dockerText').value = "# From Dockers official Ruby image: https://hub.docker.com/_/ruby\n\nFROM ruby:3.3\n\n# Throw errors if Gemfile has been modified since Gemfile.lock\nRUN bundle config --global frozen 1\n\nWORKDIR /usr/src/app\n\nCOPY Gemfile Gemfile.lock ./\nRUN bundle install\n\nCOPY . .\n\nCMD [ './your-daemon-or-script.rb' ]\n"; break; default: document.getElementById('dockerText').value = "# From Dockers official GCC image: https://hub.docker.com/_/gcc\n\nFROM gcc:4.9\nCOPY . /usr/src/myapp\nWORKDIR /usr/src/myapp\nRUN gcc -o myapp main.c\nCMD ['./myapp']\n"; } }; const viewMode = () => { if (document.getElementById('view-mode').checked) { document.body.classList.remove('light-mode'); document.body.classList.add('dark-mode'); document.getElementById('github-icon').src = "img/github-dark.png"; } else { document.body.classList.remove('dark-mode'); document.body.classList.add('light-mode'); document.getElementById('github-icon').src = "img/github-light.png"; } }; ``` ## /boxer.dev/python-example.html ```html path="/boxer.dev/python-example.html" Boxer-Python

Boxer - Deploy a Python App Now

    (Dockerfile)
    Placeholder Image
    ``` ## /boxer.dev/python.html ```html path="/boxer.dev/python.html" Boxer-Python

    Boxer

    Deploy a Python App Now

    Light/Dark

    Github Files:

    Dockerfile:

    ``` ## /boxer.dev/style.css ```css path="/boxer.dev/style.css" * { margin: 0; padding: 0; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; color: var(--text-color); } .light-mode { --bg-img: url("img/boxer-bg-light.png"); --bg-img-mobile: url("img/boxer-bg-light-mobile.png"); --text-color: black; --text-box: linear-gradient(lightgrey, lightgrey) padding-box, linear-gradient(white, #9ef4ff) border-box; --button-color: #9ef4ff; --button-box-shadow: #6399a0 0 2px 4px, #6399a0 0 7px 13px -3px, #8edbe5 0 -3px 0 inset; --button-box-shadow-active: #5e9299 0 3px 7px inset; --button-box-shadow-focus: #5e9299 0 0 0 1.5px inset, #6399a0 0 2px 4px, #6399a0 0 7px 13px -3px, #5e9299 0 -3px 0 inset } .dark-mode { --bg-img: url("img/boxer-bg-dark.png"); --bg-img-mobile: url("img/boxer-bg-dark-mobile.png"); --text-color: white; --text-box: linear-gradient(#0d1017, #0d1017) padding-box, linear-gradient(#0d1017, rebeccapurple) border-box; --button-color: #FCFCFD; --button-box-shadow: rgba(45, 35, 66, 0.4) 0 2px 4px, rgba(45, 35, 66, 0.3) 0 7px 13px -3px, #D6D6E7 0 -3px 0 inset; --button-box-shadow-active: #D6D6E7 0 3px 7px inset; --button-box-shadow-focus: #D6D6E7 0 0 0 1.5px inset, rgba(45, 35, 66, 0.4) 0 2px 4px, rgba(45, 35, 66, 0.3) 0 7px 13px -3px, #D6D6E7 0 -3px 0 inset } body { background-image: var(--bg-img); overflow: hidden; } .header { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; padding: 10px; margin: 20px; } .brand { display: flex; align-items: center; } .boxerLogo { height: 75px; width: 50px; } /* Containter for our Light/Dark mode switch */ .mode-switch { position: relative; display: inline-block; width: 50px; height: 24px; } /* Will hide default checkbox */ .mode-switch input { opacity: 0; width: 0; height: 0; } /* The track */ .slider { position: absolute; cursor: pointer; background-color: #ccc; border-radius: 24px; width: 100%; height: 100%; transition: background-color 0.3s; } /* Rounded slider */ .slider::before { content: ""; position: absolute; height: 20px; width: 20px; left: 4px; bottom: 2px; background-color: white; border-radius: 50%; transition: transform 0.3s; } /* Toggled state */ .mode-switch input:checked+.slider { background-color: rebeccapurple; } .mode-switch input:checked+.slider::before { transform: translateX(22px); } .container { height: 90vh; width: 100vw; display: flex; flex-direction: column; } .repo { width: 60vw; height: 20vh; margin-bottom: 20px; display: flex; align-self: center; justify-content: center; align-items: center; gap: 10px; } .repoWrapper { width: 60%; display: flex; align-items: center; background: var(--text-box); border: 1px solid transparent; border-radius: 10px; padding: 10px; border-radius: 10px; } .repoUrl { border: hidden; background-color: transparent; flex: 1; font-size: 20px; } input.repoUrl:focus { outline: none; } #fetchFiles { height: 30px; } .subContainer { width: 100vw; height: 50vh; display: flex; } .githubCode { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; } .codebase { width: 50vw; display: flex; justify-content: center; height: 400px; padding: 15px 0px 15px 0px; } .fileList { column-width: 115px; } ul { list-style: none; } a { position: relative; text-decoration: none; } a::before { content: ''; position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 1px; background-color: var(--text-color); bottom: 0; left: 0; transform-origin: right; transform: scaleX(0); transition: transform .3s ease-in-out; } a:hover::before { transform-origin: left; transform: scaleX(1); } .docker { width: 50vw; display: flex; align-items: center; } .dockerFile { display: flex; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; gap: 20px; } .dockerText { width: 550px; height: 400px; background: var(--text-box); border: 1px solid transparent; border-radius: 10px; padding: 10px; font-size: 15px; } textarea.dockerText:focus { outline: none; } .textBox { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; gap: 10px; } .dockerLang { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; } .codeLang { border: hidden; background-color: transparent; } .button { align-items: center; align-self: center; background-color: var(--button-color); border-radius: 4px; border-width: 0; box-shadow: var(--button-box-shadow); box-sizing: border-box; color: black; display: inline-flex; height: 48px; justify-content: center; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; transition: box-shadow .15s, transform .15s; user-select: none; -webkit-user-select: none; touch-action: manipulation; white-space: nowrap; will-change: box-shadow, transform; font-size: 18px; } .button:focus { box-shadow: var(--button-box-shadow-focus); } .button:hover { transform: translateY(-2px); cursor: pointer; } .button:active { box-shadow: var(--button-box-shadow-active); transform: translateY(2px); } @media (max-width: 600px) { * { margin: 0; padding: 0; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; } body { overflow: scroll; background-image: var(--bg-img-mobile); } .header { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; } .container { display: flex; flex-direction: column; } .subContainer { display: flex; flex-direction: column; } .repoWrapper { width: 100vw; display: flex; } .docker { width: 100vw; display: flex; flex-direction: column-reverse; } .dockerText { width: 80vw; height: 300px; resize: none; } .dockerLang { display: flex; flex-direction: row; } } #terminal { width: 100%; background-image: var(--bg-img); } ``` ## /examples/c/async_server.c ```c path="/examples/c/async_server.c" #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #define PORT 8080 #define BUFFER_SIZE 1024 #define MAX_EVENTS 10 int set_nonblocking(int fd) { int flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL, 0); if (flags == -1) { perror("fcntl"); return -1; } if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags | O_NONBLOCK) == -1) { perror("fcntl"); return -1; } return 0; } void handle_client(int client_socket) { char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE]; int bytes_read = recv(client_socket, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE - 1, 0); if (bytes_read <= 0) { if (bytes_read == 0 || (bytes_read == -1 && errno != EAGAIN)) { // Connection closed or error close(client_socket); } return; } buffer[bytes_read] = '\0'; printf("Received request:\n%s\n", buffer); const char *response = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n" "Content-Type: text/html\r\n" "Content-Length: 13\r\n" "\r\n" "Hello, world!"; send(client_socket, response, strlen(response), 0); } int main() { int server_socket, client_socket, epoll_fd, n; struct sockaddr_in server_addr, client_addr; socklen_t addr_len = sizeof(client_addr); struct epoll_event ev, events[MAX_EVENTS]; // Create server socket server_socket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); if (server_socket == -1) { perror("socket"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } // Set server socket to non-blocking if (set_nonblocking(server_socket) == -1) { close(server_socket); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } // Bind socket to address server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY; server_addr.sin_port = htons(PORT); if (bind(server_socket, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr)) == -1) { perror("bind"); close(server_socket); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } // Listen for connections if (listen(server_socket, 10) == -1) { perror("listen"); close(server_socket); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } // Create epoll instance epoll_fd = epoll_create1(0); if (epoll_fd == -1) { perror("epoll_create1"); close(server_socket); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } // Add server socket to epoll ev.events = EPOLLIN; ev.data.fd = server_socket; if (epoll_ctl(epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, server_socket, &ev) == -1) { perror("epoll_ctl"); close(server_socket); close(epoll_fd); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } printf("Server listening on port %d...\n", PORT); // Event loop while (1) { int n_fds = epoll_wait(epoll_fd, events, MAX_EVENTS, -1); if (n_fds == -1) { perror("epoll_wait"); break; } for (n = 0; n < n_fds; ++n) { if (events[n].data.fd == server_socket) { // Accept new connection client_socket = accept(server_socket, (struct sockaddr *)&client_addr, &addr_len); if (client_socket == -1) { perror("accept"); continue; } // Set client socket to non-blocking if (set_nonblocking(client_socket) == -1) { close(client_socket); continue; } // Add client socket to epoll ev.events = EPOLLIN | EPOLLET; ev.data.fd = client_socket; if (epoll_ctl(epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, client_socket, &ev) == -1) { perror("epoll_ctl"); close(client_socket); continue; } } else { // Handle client request handle_client(events[n].data.fd); } } } // Clean up close(server_socket); close(epoll_fd); return 0; } ``` ## /examples/c/c.md # Example Box with a C program Note: This is not emcc. Read about the differences [here](). ## Via CLI Just put `box` in front your compiler command. This then just uses the standard compiler (gcc, clang, rust, go etc.), but first intercepts some of the code that would make [syscalls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_call) on a native system, so that your code work with WebAssembly, in a box. `box gcc ...` then COPY the resluting binary via your Dockerfile ## Networking Networking can either leverage the host's (linux) kernel, or a [remote, edge-based micro-kernel](boxer.dev/networking) (for free). By default, the box will build for edge-networking, to use local networking: `box build -f --local-networking` ## Multi-stage builds _Build exactly like you would in a mutli-stage container declaration_ E.g. ``` # Stage 1: Build the application FROM gcc:latest AS builder # Set the working directory WORKDIR /app # Copy the source code COPY . . # Build the application - **this builds the program to WebAssemblly, with the proper interception of system code in for use in a Wasm Box** RUN gcc -o myapp main.c # Stage 2: Create the final image FROM alpine:latest # Install necessary packages (if any) RUN apk --no-cache add libc6-compat # Set the working directory WORKDIR /root/ # Copy the binary from the builder stage COPY --from=builder /app/myapp . # Expose the necessary port (if applicable) EXPOSE 8080 # Command to run the application CMD ["./myapp"] ``` ## Why? Many reasons. Mostly, because we don't want to (yet) attempt to have a new target added to LLVM, or other toolchains, and we certainly don't want to force you to use a non-standard fork or custom compiler. Technical Explanation: - Wasm Compilation, Syscalls, Shared libs, etc. - Do we want the same C ABI? - The debate ## /examples/c/sync_server.c ```c path="/examples/c/sync_server.c" #include #include #include #include #include #include #define PORT 8080 #define BUFFER_SIZE 1024 void handle_client(int client_socket) { char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE]; int bytes_read = recv(client_socket, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE - 1, 0); if (bytes_read < 0) { perror("recv"); close(client_socket); return; } buffer[bytes_read] = '\0'; printf("Received request:\n%s\n", buffer); const char *response = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n" "Content-Type: text/html\r\n" "Content-Length: 13\r\n" "\r\n" "Hello, world!"; send(client_socket, response, strlen(response), 0); close(client_socket); } int main() { int server_socket, client_socket; struct sockaddr_in server_addr, client_addr; socklen_t addr_len = sizeof(client_addr); // Create socket server_socket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); if (server_socket == -1) { perror("socket"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } // Bind socket to address server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY; server_addr.sin_port = htons(PORT); if (bind(server_socket, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr)) == -1) { perror("bind"); close(server_socket); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } // Listen for connections if (listen(server_socket, 10) == -1) { perror("listen"); close(server_socket); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } printf("Server listening on port %d...\n", PORT); // Accept and handle incoming connections while (1) { client_socket = accept(server_socket, (struct sockaddr *)&client_addr, &addr_len); if (client_socket == -1) { perror("accept"); continue; } handle_client(client_socket); } // Close server socket (unreachable code in this example) close(server_socket); return 0; } ``` ## /examples/c/threaded_server.c ```c path="/examples/c/threaded_server.c" #include #include #include #include #include #include #define PORT 8080 #define BUFFER_SIZE 1024 void *handle_client(void *arg) { int client_socket = *(int *)arg; free(arg); char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE]; int bytes_read = recv(client_socket, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE - 1, 0); if (bytes_read < 0) { perror("recv"); close(client_socket); return NULL; } buffer[bytes_read] = '\0'; printf("Received request:\n%s\n", buffer); const char *response = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n" "Content-Type: text/html\r\n" "Content-Length: 13\r\n" "\r\n" "Hello, world!"; send(client_socket, response, strlen(response), 0); close(client_socket); return NULL; } int main() { int server_socket, *client_socket; struct sockaddr_in server_addr, client_addr; socklen_t addr_len = sizeof(client_addr); pthread_t thread_id; // Create socket server_socket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); if (server_socket == -1) { perror("socket"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } // Bind socket to address server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY; server_addr.sin_port = htons(PORT); if (bind(server_socket, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr)) == -1) { perror("bind"); close(server_socket); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } // Listen for connections if (listen(server_socket, 10) == -1) { perror("listen"); close(server_socket); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } printf("Server listening on port %d...\n", PORT); // Accept and handle incoming connections while (1) { client_socket = malloc(sizeof(int)); *client_socket = accept(server_socket, (struct sockaddr *)&client_addr, &addr_len); if (*client_socket == -1) { perror("accept"); free(client_socket); continue; } if (pthread_create(&thread_id, NULL, handle_client, client_socket) != 0) { perror("pthread_create"); free(client_socket); continue; } pthread_detach(thread_id); } // Close server socket (unreachable code in this example) close(server_socket); return 0; } ``` ## /examples/python/python.md # Example Box with a Python program ## /examples/ruby/ruby.md # Example Box with a Ruby program The better and more specific the context, the better the LLM can follow instructions. If the context seems verbose, the user can refine the filter using uithub. Thank you for using https://uithub.com - Perfect LLM context for any GitHub repo.